1. Izinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa liyisilinganiso sokuthi into ishisa noma ibanda kangakanani.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokushisa (izikali zokushisa): i-Celsius, i-Fahrenheit, kanye ne-absolute temperature.
Izinga lokushisa le-Celsius (t, ℃): izinga lokushisa esivame ukulisebenzisa. Izinga lokushisa lilinganiswa nge-thermometer ye-Celsius.
I-Fahrenheit (F, ℉): Izinga lokushisa elivame ukusetshenziswa emazweni aseYurophu naseMelika.
ukuguqulwa kwezinga lokushisa:
F (°F) = 9/5 * t(°C) +32 (Thola izinga lokushisa ku-Fahrenheit kusukela ekushiseni okwaziwayo ku-Celsius)
t (°C) = [F (°F)-32] * 5/9 (Thola izinga lokushisa ngama-Celsius kusukela ekushiseni okwaziwayo ngama-Fahrenheit)
Isikali sokushisa esiphelele (T, ºK): ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ekubalweni kwethiyori.
Isikali sokushisa esiphelele kanye nokuguqulwa kokushisa kwe-Celsius:
T (ºK) = t (°C) +273 (Thola izinga lokushisa eliphelele kusukela ekushiseni okwaziwayo ngo-Celsius)
2. Ukucindezela (P): Esiqandisini, ukucindezela kungamandla aqondile endaweni yeyunithi, okungukuthi, ukucindezela, okuvame ukulinganiswa ngesilinganiso sokucindezela kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezela.
Amayunithi avamile okucindezela yilawa:
i-Mpa (i-megapascal);
I-Kpa (kPa);
ibha (ibha);
kgf/cm2 (amandla ekhilogremu yesikwele sesentimitha);
i-atm (ingcindezi ejwayelekile yomoya);
mmHg (amamilimitha e-mercury).
Ubudlelwano bokuguqulwa:
1Mpa=10bar=1000Kpa =7500.6 mmHg = 10.197 kgf/cm2
1atm=760mmHg=1.01326bar =0.101326Mpa
Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa kwezobunjiniyela:
Ibha eli-1 = 0.1Mpa ≈1 kgf/cm2 ≈ 1atm = 760 mmHg
Izethulo eziningana zokucindezela:
Ukucindezela okuphelele (Pj): Esitsheni, ukucindezela okufakwa odongeni lwangaphakathi lwesitsha ngokunyakaza kokushisa kwama-molecule. Ukucindezela etafuleni lezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic yesiqandisi ngokuvamile kuyingcindezi ephelele.
Ingcindezi yegeyiji (Pb): Ingcindezi elinganiswa ngegeyiji yokucindezela ohlelweni lokuqandisa. Ingcindezi yegeyiji umehluko phakathi kwengcindezi yegesi esitsheni kanye nengcindezi yomoya. Ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi ingcindezi yegeyiji kanye ne-1bar, noma i-0.1Mpa, ingcindezi ephelele.
Izinga le-vacuum (H): Uma ingcindezi yegeji iphansi, thatha inani layo eliphelele bese uliveza ngezinga le-vacuum.
3. Ithebula lezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic ze-Refrigerant: Ithebula lezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic ze-refrigerant libala izinga lokushisa (izinga lokushisa lokugcwala) kanye nengcindezi (ingcindezi yokugcwala) kanye neminye imingcele ye-refrigerant esimweni sokugcwala. Kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi ye-refrigerant esimweni sokugcwala.
Ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi isiqandisi esiku-evaporator, i-condenser, i-gas-liquid separator, kanye ne-low-pressure circulating barrel sisesimweni sokugcwala. Umhwamuko (uketshezi) esimweni sokugcwala ubizwa ngokuthi umhwamuko ogcwala (uketshezi), kanti izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi ehambisanayo kubizwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa lokugcwala kanye nengcindezi yokugcwala.
Ohlelweni lokuqandisa, ku-refrigerant, izinga lokushisa layo lokugcwala kanye nengcindezi yokugcwala kuvumelana ngokulingana. Uma izinga lokushisa lokugcwala liphezulu, kulapho ingcindezi yokugcwala iphakama khona.
Ukuhwamuka kwesiqandisi ku-evaporator kanye nokujiya ku-condenser kwenziwa esimweni esigcwele, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka kanye nengcindezi yokuhwamuka, kanye nezinga lokushisa lokujiya kanye nengcindezi yokujiya nakho kuhlobene. Ubudlelwano obuhambisanayo bungatholakala kuthebula lezakhiwo ze-thermodynamic ze-refrigerant.
4. Ithebula lokuqhathanisa izinga lokushisa kanye nengcindezi yesiqandisi:
5. Umusi oshisiwe kakhulu kanye noketshezi olupholile kakhulu: Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethile, izinga lokushisa lomusi liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lokugcwala ngaphansi kwengcindezi ehambisanayo, ebizwa ngokuthi umusi oshisiwe kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethile, izinga lokushisa loketshezi liphansi kunezinga lokushisa lokugcwala ngaphansi kwengcindezi ehambisanayo, ebizwa ngokuthi uketshezi olupholile kakhulu.
Inani lapho izinga lokushisa lokumunca lidlula izinga lokushisa lokugcwala libizwa ngokuthi i-suction superheat. Izinga lokushisa lokumunca ngokuvamile liyadingeka ukuthi lilawulwe ku-5 kuya ku-10 °C.
Inani lokushisa koketshezi elingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokugcwala libizwa ngokuthi izinga lokupholisa uketshezi. Ukupholisa uketshezi ngokuvamile kwenzeka phansi kwe-condenser, ku-economizer, kanye naku-intercooler. Ukupholisa uketshezi ngaphambi kwe-throttle valve kuyasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa.
6. Ukuhwamuka, ukumunca, ukukhishwa kwegesi, ingcindezi yokufinyela kanye nokushisa
Ingcindezi yokuhwamuka (izinga lokushisa): Ingcindezi (izinga lokushisa) yesiqandisi esingaphakathi kwe-evaporator. Ingcindezi yokujiya (izinga lokushisa): Ingcindezi (izinga lokushisa) yesiqandisi esiku-condenser.
Umfutho wokudonsa (izinga lokushisa): Umfutho (izinga lokushisa) echwebeni lokumunca le-compressor. Umfutho wokukhipha (izinga lokushisa): Umfutho (izinga lokushisa) echwebeni lokukhipha i-compressor.
7. Umehluko wokushisa: umehluko wokushisa wokudlulisa ukushisa: ubhekisela kumehluko wokushisa phakathi koketshezi olubili ezinhlangothini zombili zodonga lokudlulisa ukushisa. Umehluko wokushisa ungamandla aqhubayo okudlulisa ukushisa.
Isibonelo, kunomehluko wokushisa phakathi kwe-refrigerant namanzi okupholisa; i-refrigerant ne-brine; i-refrigerant nomoya wokugcina impahla. Ngenxa yokuba khona komehluko wokushisa kokudlulisa ukushisa, izinga lokushisa lento ezopholiswa liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka; izinga lokushisa lokufiphaza liphakeme kunezinga lokushisa le-medium yokupholisa ye-condenser.
8. Umswakama: Umswakama ubhekisela kumswakama womoya. Umswakama uyisici esithinta ukudluliselwa kokushisa.
Kunezindlela ezintathu zokuveza umswakama:
Umswakama ophelele (Z): Isisindo somhwamuko wamanzi ngemitha eyi-cubic yomoya.
Okuqukethwe komswakama (d): Inani lomhwamuko wamanzi eliqukethwe kukhilogremu elilodwa lomoya owomile (g).
Umswakama ohlobene (φ): Kubonisa izinga lapho umswakama ophelele womoya usondele khona kumswakama ophelele ogcwele.
Ezingeni lokushisa elithile, inani elithile lomoya lingabamba kuphela inani elithile lomhwamuko wamanzi. Uma lo mkhawulo udluliwe, umhwamuko wamanzi owengeziwe uzojiya ube yinkungu. Leli nani elithile elilinganiselwe lomhwamuko wamanzi libizwa ngokuthi umswakama ogcwele. Ngaphansi komswakama ogcwele, kukhona umswakama ogcwele ogcwele ohambisanayo i-ZB, oshintsha ngokushisa komoya.
Ezingeni lokushisa elithile, lapho umswakama womoya ufinyelela umswakama ogcwele, ubizwa ngokuthi umoya ogcwele, futhi awusakwazi ukwamukela umhwamuko wamanzi owengeziwe; umoya ongaqhubeka nokwamukela inani elithile lomhwamuko wamanzi ubizwa ngokuthi umoya ongagcwele.
Umswakama ohlobene yisilinganiso somswakama ophelele u-Z womoya ongagcwali kuya komswakama ophelele u-ZB womoya ogcwele. φ=Z/ZB×100%. Sebenzisa ukuze ubonise ukuthi umswakama ophelele useduze kangakanani nomswakama ogcwele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-08-2022
